We conclude our discussion of various potential uses of neurocognitive science in military and intelligence operations, and sketch ethical issues, and angles of analysis that will arise as both allies and adversaries develop such tools, relating them to existing laws of war and conventions.

Is Neuroethics a “new ethics”, or is it a subdiscipline of ethics or bioethics? How does multi-nationality influence Neuroethics? What are the viable paths forward in guiding this ever more global engagement of the brain sciences in a variety of different applications, that appear to range from the medical to the military?